commutation

Tanımlar (İngilizce)

1. isim Substitution of one thing for another; interchange.
2. isim Specifically, the substitution of one kind of payment for another, especially a switch to monetary payment from obligations of labour.

   “Professor Postan has argued in favour of a rapid move towards commutation in the twelfth century which slackened or even went into reverse in the course of the thirteenth.”

3. isim The change to a lesser penalty or punishment by the State

   “Monsieur the Marquis de Sade [was] now holed up in one of his châteaux while his wife worked for the commutation of a sentence passed on him recently for poisoning and buggery.”

4. isim Substitution, as a means of discriminating between phonemes.
5. isim The reversal of an electric current.
6. isim A passing from one state to another; change; alteration; mutation.
7. isim The act of giving one thing for another; barter; exchange.
8. isim The process or habit of journeying to and from work on a regular basis; commuting.

   “but there was no city officer to stand forth and ask for it — not even so much as to require frequent trains, low fares, and commutations on that part of the road which ran within the city limits.”